Revista Eletrônica de Potência (Brazilian Journal of Power Electronics)

Palavras Chaves: Acoplamento indutivo, Carregadores de bateria, Transferência de energia sem fio, veículos elétricos

Resumo
Com a crescente demanda por veículos elétricos, o desenvolvimento tecnológico dos carregadores de baterias se tornou uma necessidade. A transferência de energia sem fio por acoplamento indutivo se mostra uma técnica promissora por tornar os carregadores de bateria mais convenientes e seguros aos usuários. Dos diversos conversores propostos para a transferência de energia indutiva, a topologia Série-série (SS) foi selecionada devido às suas características desejáveis para essa aplicação. Apesar de ser uma topologia muito reportada na bibliografia, a modelagem dinâmica desse conversor considerando todos os seus componentes ainda não foi apresentada. Neste trabalho o método da transformada de Laplace com variável modulada foi utilizado para realizar a modelagem dinâmica orientada ao controle do conversor considerando todos os seus estágios. Também são apresentadas a análise e a metodologia de projeto da topologia SS para a construção de um protótipo. O conversor projetado foi implementado e testado em laboratório com carga resistiva, onde alcançou-se uma eficiência máxima de 89,3% e foi observada uma boa robustez do controle projetado a partir do modelo obtido.

Title: Analysis, design and implementation of a wireless power transfer converter for electric vehicles battery chargers

Keywords: Battery Charger, Electric vehicles, Inductive coupling, Wireless Power Transfer System

Abstract
With the growing demand for electric vehicles, the technological development of battery chargers has become a necessity. Wireless power transfer by inductive coupling is a promising technique for making battery chargers more convenient and safer for users. From the various converters proposed for the inductive power transfer, the Series-Series (SS) topology was selected due to its desirable characteristics for this application. In spite of being a topology widely reported in the bibliography, the dynamic modeling of this converter considering all its components has not yet been presented. In this paper, the modulated variable Laplace transform method was used to perform the dynamic modeling oriented to the converter control considering all its stages. Also presented are the analysis and design methodology of the SS topology for the construction of a prototype. The designed converter was implemented and tested in a laboratory with resistive load, where a maximum efficiency of 89.3% was achieved and a good robustness of the control designed from the model obtained was observed.

[1] ICCT, Power Play: How Governments Are Spurring
The Electric Vehicle Industry, ICCT, 2018.

[2] IEA, Global EV Outlook 2020, IEA, 2020.

[3] INPI, Veículos elétricos e híbridos panorama patentário no Brasil, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, 2018.

[4] D. Niculae, M. Iordache, M. Stanculescu, M. L. Bobaru, S. Deleanu, “A Review of Electric Vehicles Charging Technologies Stationary and Dynamic”, in 2019 11th International Symposium on Advanced Topics in Electrical Engineering (ATEE), 2019.
Doi: 10.1109/ATEE.2019.8724943

[5] N. F. O. da Silva, Conversor Wireless para carga rápida de supercapacitores, Ph.D. thesis, Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica, UFSC, Florianópolis, Brasil, 2017.

[6] M. Bertoluzzo, M. K. Naik, G. Buja, “Preliminary investigation on contactless energy transfer for electric vehicle battery recharging”, in 2012 IEEE 7th International Conference on Industrial and Information Systems (ICIIS), pp. 1–6, 2012.
Doi: 10.1109/ICIInfS.2012.6304787

[7] Y. Zhang, Key Technologies of Magnetically Coupled Resonant Wireless Power Transfer, 1 ed., Springer, Singapore, 2018.

[8] G. Buja, M. Bertoluzzo, K. N. Mude, “Design and Experimentation of WPT Charger for Electric City Car”, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 62, no. 12, pp. 7436–7447, 2015.
Doi: 10.1109/TIE.2015.2455524

[9] R. Jha, S. Giacomuzzi, G. Buja, M. Bertoluzzo, M. Naik, “Efficiency and power sizing of SS vs. SP topology for wireless battery chargers”, in IEEE International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference (PEMC), pp. 1014–1019, 2016.
Doi: 10.1109/EPEPEMC.2016.7752133

[10] A. Foote, O. C. Onar, “A review of high-power wireless power transfer”, in 2017 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC), 2017.
Doi: 10.1109/ITEC.2017.7993277

[11] M. Al-Saadi, A. Ibrahim, A. Al-Omari, A. AlGizi, A. Craciunescu, “Analysis and Comparison of Resonance Topologies in 6.6kW Inductive Wireless Charging for Electric Vehicles Batteries”, Procedia Manufacturing, vol. 32, pp. 426 – 433, 2019.
Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2019.02.236

[12] A. Delgado, N. A. Requena, R. Ramos, J. A. Oliver, P. Alou, J. A. Cobos, “Design of Inductive Power Transfer System With a Behavior of Voltage Source in Open-Loop Considering Wide Mutual Inductance Variation”, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 2020.
Doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2020.2984097

[13] Y. Chen, B. Yang, Q. Li, H. Feng, X. Zhou, Z. He, R. Mai, “Reconfigurable Topology for IPT System Maintaining Stable Transmission Power Over Large Coupling Variation”, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 2020.
Doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2019.2946778

[14] M. Ishihara, K. Umetani, E. Hiraki, “Strategy of Topology Selection Based on Quasi-Duality Between Series-Series and Series-Parallel Topologies of Resonant Inductive Coupling Wireless Power Transfer Systems”, IEEE Transactions on Power
Electronics, 2020.
Doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2019.2956732

[15] K. Aditya, S. S. Williamson, “Advanced controller design for a series-series compensated inductive power transfer charging infrastructure using asymmetrical clamped mode control”, in IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), 2015.
Doi: 10.1109/APEC.2015.7104735

[16] M. Forato, M. Bertoluzzo, G. Buja, “Modeling of the dynamics of a resonant wireless power transfer circuit”, in 2017 IEEE 26th International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE), pp. 472–477, 2017.
Doi: 10.1109/ISIE.2017.8001292

[17] S. Williamson, A. Rathore, F. Musavi, “Industrial Electronics for Electric Transportation: Current Stateof-the-Art and Future Challenges”, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 2015.
Doi: 10.1109/TIE.2015.2409052

[18] Renault, Renault TWIZY – Manual do utilizador, 2012.

[19] SAE, Wireless Power Transfer for Light-Duty PlugIn/ Electric Vehicles and Alignment Methodology, SAE International TIR J2954, SAE International, 2020.

[20] C. Alexander, M. Sadiku, Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, 5 ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 2013.

[21] K. N. Mude, M. Bertoluzzo, G. Buja, “Inductive characteristics of different coupling setups for wireless charging of an electric city-car”, in IEEE International Electric Vehicle Conference (IEVC), 2014.
Doi: 10.1109/IEVC.2014.7056080

[22] K. N. Mude, Wireless Power Transfer for Electric Vehicle, Ph.D. thesis, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, Padova, Italia, 2015.

[23] K. Throngnumchai, A. Hanamura, Y. Naruse, K. Takeda, “Design and evaluation of a wireless power transfer system with road embedded transmitter coils for dynamic charging of electric vehicles”, in World Electric Vehicle Symposium and Exhibition, 2013.
Doi: 10.1109/EVS.2013.6914937

[24] W. G. Hurley, W. H. Wölfle, Transformers And Inductors For Power Electronics: Theory, Design And Applications, 1 ed., John Wiley & Sons Ltd, United Kingdom, 2013.

[25] J. Biela, M. Schweizer, S. Waffler, J. W. Kolar, “SiC versus Si-Evaluation of Potentials for Performance Improvement of Inverter and DC-DC Converter Systems by SiC Power Semiconductors”, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 2011.
Doi: 10.1109/TIE.2010.2072896